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Excess pigmentation is caused by overproduction of melanin, usually triggered by sun exposure, inflammation or injury (such as acne), or hormones. Certain medications and genetics can also play a role.

It depends on the type and depth of the pigmentation and your skin tone. Options include chemical peels, laser and IPL, microneedling, and prescription topicals. Melasma and deeper skin tones need gentler, carefully chosen approaches.

Many dark spots can be significantly improved, but results vary and pigmentation can return, especially with sun exposure. Ongoing sun protection and maintenance are key to keeping skin clear.

Yes, with the right approach. Deeper skin tones have more active melanin, so aggressive lasers and IPL can sometimes worsen pigment. Gentler, melanin-safe options in experienced hands are often the smarter starting point.

Most people see gradual improvement over several weeks to a few months, depending on the treatment and the depth of the pigment. Consistency and daily sunscreen make a big difference.

Daily broad-spectrum sunscreen is the most important step, along with treating acne and irritation early and avoiding picking at the skin. A maintenance routine helps keep results.